Black heart occurs due to lack of oxygen in storage, leading to breakdown and blackening of internal tissues. High temperature (>35°C) and poor ventilation aggravate it.

Refugia strategy maintains a population of susceptible insects to delay resistance development in bollworms against Bt toxins.

Gypsum is applied mainly to supply calcium at pegging stage, ensuring proper pod filling and reducing popping.

Recommended seed rate is 12–15 kg/ha with spacing of 60 × 15 cm. Sowing is generally done in the first fortnight of June (around 15 June).

Little leaf occurs due to Zn deficiency; crinkle leaf due to Mn toxicity; and red leaf is more common in American cotton where leaves turn red and roll downward.

Popping refers to unfilled pods and occurs due to calcium deficiency, which is essential for proper pod formation and kernel development

Retting is a microbial process and requires an optimum temperature of about 34°C for efficient decomposition of pectin and fiber separation.

Recommended sowing time is: North India – 1st fortnight of May; Central India – last week of June to 1st week of July; Tamil Nadu – September to October.

Delinting is done with concentrated sulphuric acid (about 1:10 ratio) to remove fuzz, kill hibernating insect stages, destroy pathogens and ensure better germination.

Corchorus capsularis is called white jute or tita because of the glycoside ‘Corchorin’ and it covers about 70% of total jute cultivation area

Bunch type groundnut varieties are non-dormant, whereas spreading types are dormant and require a resting period of 2–2.5 months for germination.

The Seed Plot Technique (SPT) was developed by Pushkarnath et al. in 1967 for multiplication of disease-free (virus-free) potato seed in Northern plains.

Diuron @ 0.5 kg a.i./ha is used as pre/post-emergence herbicide. Ginning % is 30–35%, and cotton is highly sensitive to 2,4-D and glyphosate spray drift.

The first generation Bt cotton (Bollgard-I) contained the Cry-1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, providing resistance against bollworms.

Potato performs best in slightly acidic soils (pH 5.0–6.5), as acidic conditions help reduce scab disease incidence.

Potato propagates by tubers, which are enlarged underground stems produced at the end of stolons, not true roots.

Cotton seed contains a toxic phenolic compound called gossypol, which limits its direct use as food without proper processing.

Fiber maturity is measured by Arealometer, fiber thickness by Nepiness, and spinning performance by Number of counts.

Calcium is essential for proper kernel development. Its deficiency leads to unfilled pods, commonly called popping.

C. cajan var. bicolor is perennial, tall, late maturing and bears 4–5 grains per pod. It is commonly grown in North India.

Cotton fiber is an elongation/outgrowth of a single epidermal cell of the seed coat, making it a surface fiber.

Kufri Chipsona-1 (also Chipsona-2 and 3) are specifically developed varieties suitable for processing such as chips and other products.

Aflatoxin contamination in stored groundnut kernels is caused by Aspergillus flavus, especially under high moisture conditions.

For TPS, 100–150 g seeds per hectare (nursery area about 75 m²) is sufficient for raising seedlings to be transplanted in the field

Potato requires a moderate temperature range of 17–19°C for proper tuber development and growth.

Imazethapyr @ 750 g/ha is recommended as an early post-emergence herbicide for effective weed control in soybean.

In Ultra Narrow Row (UNR) concept developed in USA, spacing is about 19 × 19 cm, maintaining a high plant population of nearly 2,77,000 plants per hectare.

After pollination, the ovary forms a stalk-like structure called gonophore, which enters the soil as a peg and develops into pods.

After fertilization, the ovary elongates into a structure called gonophore (peg) that penetrates the soil, where the pod develops underground.

Potato is a C3 plant and behaves as a short day plant for tuberization, although for flowering it behaves as a long day plant.

Varalaxmi is the first interspecific hybrid between G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, released from UAS, Dharwad.

Soybean is called the wonder crop or yellow jewel due to its high protein and oil content

As per the page, groundnut production ranking is China > India > Nigeria, making China the leading producer.

Soybean contributes about 60% of global vegetable protein and nearly 30% of vegetable oil production.

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, was highly destructive and led to the Irish famine in 1845.

Bt cotton was first permitted in India in March 2002, with commercial cultivation beginning in 2002–03. Reports indicate more than 50% reduction in insecticide use.

As per standard agronomic practice mentioned, the seed rate for jute cultivation is 6–8 kg per hectare for optimum plant population.

The bunch or erect type of groundnut is classified as Arachis hypogea var. fastigiata, whereas spreading type belongs to var. procumbens.

G. herbaceum is diploid with 2n = 26. G. hirsutum and G. barbadense are tetraploids (2n = 52), while G. arboreum is also diploid (2n = 26).

In cotton, the appearance of the flower bud is called a “square,” while the fruit is known as a boll or capsule.

Fluchlorin is applied as pre-plant incorporation (PPI), while Imazethapyr is used as early post-emergence herbicide.

G. barbadense is a tetraploid species known for highest fiber length (3.6–5.0 cm) and is grouped under Egyptian/sea island cotton.

Transport of planting material from Darjeeling is restricted to prevent the spread of wart disease of potato caused by Synchytrium endobioticum.

Digvijaya and Sanjay are varieties of G. herbaceum. Suvin belongs to G. barbadense, while MCU-5 is an extra-long staple variety of G. hirsutum.

G. hirsutum is called American cotton and accounts for about 36% of the cotton area in India, second only to hybrids.

Early blight is caused by the fungus Alternaria solani and is more common than late blight.

Topping involves removal of the terminal growing point (around 80–90 DAS) to divert energy, promote sympodial branches and improve boll development.

Potato leaf roll virus is transmitted by aphids, particularly Myzus persicae, which acts as an important vector in field conditions.

Dormancy in potato tubers can be broken by treating with 1% Thiourea along with 1 ppm GA₃ for about 10 minutes.

Bunch (erect) type groundnut is non-dormant, while spreading type shows dormancy and requires resting period before germination.

Soybean originated in China and contributes ~60% of global vegetable protein. India does not rank first in productivity.

Bollgard-II (2006) contains two Bt genes—Cry-1Ac and Cry-2Ab—offering broader and more durable resistance against bollworms

UP ranks first in production of pigeon pea, while Bihar has the highest productivity (about 1115 kg/ha).

Sterility mosaic is a viral disease and its vector is the Eriophyid mite. ICPH-8 is the first hybrid of arhar, not a long-duration variety.

Application of 250 kg gypsum per hectare at pre-flowering stage (around 30 DAS) ensures adequate calcium for pod development.

Cotton belongs to Malvaceae and monopodial branches are vegetative. Cultivated cotton is annual, not perennial.

H-4 was the first commercially successful hybrid cotton, developed in 1970 by Dr. C.T. Patel at GAU, Surat. It was an intra-hirsutum cross.

Soybean bears raceme type inflorescence and its fruit is a pod, as it belongs to the Leguminosae family.

Bacterial blight, one of the most serious diseases of cotton, is caused by Xanthomonas malvacearum and shows stages like angular leaf spot and black arm.

Pigeon pea is a C₃, short-day, deep-rooted and self-pollinated crop with hypogeal germination. Statement 3 is incorrect